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Mammal ID (133 Cards)

Virginia opossum

order: Didelphimorphia
family: Didelphidae
sci name: Didelphis virginiana

skull: brain case very small, large sagittal crest, 5/4 incisors, well developed canines

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Shrews (family characteristics)

order: Soricomorpha
family: Soricidae

skull: have zygomatic process but no zygomatic arch, have red pigment on teeth, also have an accessory cusp attached to top incisors.

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Trowbridge's Shrew

Sorex trowbridgii

tial: very distinctly bicolored- bottom light and top dark
fur: near uniform dark fur, only shrew whose belly is not paler than back

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Pacific Shrew

Sorex pacificus

skull: upper incisors have no medial tine and remain in contact to the tip.

fur: large, reddish orange tint to brown coat, hind feet have 5 friction pads

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vagrant shrew

Sorex vagrans

skull: medial tine is pigmented, right above the pigment of upper incisors

fur: small, back brown, sides paler, bellies white

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Moles (family characteristics)

order: Soricomorpha
family: Talpidae

skull: Complete zygomatic arch, large incisors like shrew but it does not have the extra tooth attached to the incisors (no accessory cusp), have white teeth, NOT pigmented

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Townsend's mole

Scapanus townsendii

largest of the moles
fur: more evenly black colored

teeth: 5th and 6th unicusp are closer together relative to rest of cusps (other moles have all unicusps evenly spaced)

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coast mole

Scapanus orarius

teeth: evenly spaced unicusps

slightly smaller than Townsend's mole, also seems to have more of a white color when you rub its fur a certain way

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American shrew mole

Neurotrichus gibbsii

smallest of moles, short thick tail
fewer teeth than other moles (~36) not as velvety feeling as other moles.

spends most of its time digging tunnels in leaf litter instead of underground

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Mexican free-tailed bat

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Molossidae
Species: Tadarida brasiliensis

about same size as big brown bat but key characteristic is the tail that extends far beyond the uropatagium

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western red bat

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Lasiurus blossevillii

red bat
furry uropatagium

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hoary bat

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Lasiurus cinereus

large bat with grizzled fur (white tips) and yellow collar
fur across uropatagium

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silver-haired bat

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Lasionycteris noctivagans

dark brown/black bat with frosted fur (not as heavily frosted as hoary bat) onto uropatagium

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spotted bat

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Euderma maculatum

3 white spots and large pink ears
very rare (do not have a specimen, only a slide)

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Townsend's big-eared bat

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Corynorhinus townsendii

VERY big ears
large
zygomatic breadth equal to width of brain case

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pallid bat

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Antrozous pallidus

light yellow/orange
wide zygomatic arches like other bats (except for Townsend's big eared bat)
pretty big ears too

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long-eared myotis

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Myotis evotis

long ears for a myotis
no hair on tip of uropatagium

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fringed myotis

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Myotis thysanodes

fur on the tip of the uropatagium

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hairy-winged myotis

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Myotis volans

there is a distinct keel on each side of the uropatagium. instide of the membrane come straight to the tail, there is a bump on either side of the membrane

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western pipistrelle

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Parastrellus hesperus

smallest bat we are dealing with
black face mask in contrast to light brown body

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big brown bat

Order: Chiroptera
Family: Vespertilionidae
Species: Eptesicus fuscus

large brown bat
no fur on uropatagium

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American pika

Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Ochotonidae
Species: Ochotona princeps

no supraorbital process
parietals lack fenestrate
second pair of top incisors

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Leporidae (family characteristics)

parietals are fenestrated
have a supraorbital process
2nd pair of top incisors

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snowshoe hare

Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
Species: Lepus americanus

supraoccipital shield is fenestrated
interparietal is fused so it is hard to distinguish it

brown in summer, white in winter
missing half of supraorbital process (anterior part)

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white-tailed jackrabbit

order: Lagomorpha
family: Leporidae
species: Lepus townsendii

supraoccipital shield fenestrated
interparietal fused to supraoccipital shield so its hard to distinguish

large black tips on ears
not as white as snowshoe hare

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black-tailed jackrabbit

order: Lagomorpha
family: Leporidae
species: Lepus californicus

supraoccipital shield is fenestrated
interparietal is fused to supraoccipital so hard to distinguish

top of tail is black
large

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brush rabbit

order: Lagomorpha
family: Leporidae
species: Sylvilagus bachmani

shortish rounded ears
supraorbital process is free
supraoccipital shield has no point

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mountain cottontail

order: Lagomorpha
family: Leporidae
species: Sylvilagus nuttallii

supraorbital process just BARELY touches skull
there is a tail on the supraoccipital shield

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eastern cottontail

order: Lagomorpha
family: Leporidae
species: Sylvilagus floridanus

red nape
large white tail
supraorbital process fused to skull
supraoccipital shield has a notch in it

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pygmy rabbit

order: Lagomorpha
family: Leporidae
species: Brachylagus idahoensis

smallest rabbit
ears very short and rounded
reentrant angle-only has one (other rabbits have 2-3)

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nine-banded armadillo

order: Cingulata
family: Dasypodidae
species: Dasypus novemcinctus

rough skinned,only armadillo learning, pretty obvious

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mountain beaver

order: Rodentia
family: Aplodontidae
sci name: Aplodontia rufa

teeth are shaped like apples
cranium is very flat
long flask shaped auditory bullae
zygomatic arches widely spread
interorbital space very narrow
short stubby tail
brown
very faint black line through body

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American beaver

order: Rodentia
family: Castoridae
sci name: Castor canadensis

long bony tubes at back of head (surround external auditory meatus)
teeth lophodont
large zygomatic plate
broad jugal
flat broad scaly tail (no fur)

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nutria

order: Rodentia
family: Myocastoridae
sci name: Myocastor coypus

long paroccipital processes
rounded lophodont pattern
huge infraorbital foramen (large holes under zygomatic arch)
dark brown with blonde frost on sides
webbed feet
rat-like tail

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Family Sciuridae Characteristics

postorbital process present
broad interorbital region
tiny premolar
rostrum (nose part) arched in side profile

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yellow-bellied marmot

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
Sci name: Marmota flaviventris

brown fur with white tips
furry tail
feet are NOT webbed (unlike nutria)
white around nose
yellow/white by ear on neck and belly

ground squirrels: twisted zygomatic arch
tree squirrels: untwisted zygomatic arch

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white-tailed antelope squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Ammospermophilus leucurus

white stripes down the sides, but no black around them

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California ground squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Spermophilus beecheyi

if look at is distantly, large white spots on it
black triangle in between shoulder blades on back, white surrounding

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golden-mantled ground squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Spermophilus lateralis

white stripes on sides surrounded by black, but black only extends to base of neck
reddish head
golden overall fur color

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Columbian ground squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Spermophilus columbianus

dark grey with small white freckles all over
reddish color on back but very red on feet, bottom of neck, legs, nose and tail

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Washington ground squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Spermophilus washingtoni

tan/light in color
distinct round white spots
short tail

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Belding's ground squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Spermophilus beldingi

red and black on tail and back
no distinct spotting

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Wyoming ground squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Spermophilus elegans

tan/yellow color on cheeks
black and white back
very lite black line down back, like tie

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eastern fox squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Sciurus niger

very red underside
black in between eyes, not red
grey reddish overall
tall cranium

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eastern gray squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
Sci name: Sciurus carolinensis

introduced
belly white and tinge of red in tail, back and head.
white/gray fur

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western gray squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Sciurus griseus

very white belly, distinct from gray back
silver pretty coat
long bushy tail

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Chipmunks

order: Rodentia
family: Geomyidae
sci name: Tamias sp

large infraorbital foramen
white stripe with black surrounded extends to cheeks

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northern flying squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Glaucomys sabrinus

extra skin to help them glide
look at skull from above and can see tops of teeth sticking out
really soft

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Douglas squirrel

order: Rodentia
family: Sciuridae
sci name: Tamiasciurus douglasii

small
orange coloring on bottom
dark fine fur on top, no spots
grizzled reddish/gray tail

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Family Geomyidae Characteristics

flattened skull
no postorbital process
square projection under zygomatic arch
broad zygo arch
well developed temporal ridges
tear drop teeth, elongated oval teeth

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western pocket gopher

order: Rodentia
family: Geomyidae
sci name: Thomomys mazama

white splotching on chest
tip of tail lighter color
large/long teeth

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camas pocket gopher

order: Rodentia
family: Geomyidae
sci name: Thomomys bulbivorous

belly more uniform dark brown
long teeth in proportion to head
white beard

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Botta's pocket gopher

order: Rodentia
family: Geomyidae
sci name: Thomomys bottae

sagittal crest present
red tin to white belly
sphenoidal fisher (slit or crack when looking above teeth next to zygomatic arch

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Family Heteromyidae

Huge auditory bullae
no post orbital process
large hole in rostrum

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little pocket mouse

order: Rodentia
family: Heteromyidae
sci name: Perognathus longimembris

light brown in color
tail is a little darker towards end and not as light color on bottom of tail
no fur on the tail, skinny hairless tail

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Great Basin pocket mouse

order: Rodentia
family: Heteromyidae
sci name: Perognathus parvus

tail more bicolored
a little fluffier and furry tail

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California kangaroo rat

order: Rodentia
family: Heteromyidae
sci name: Dipodomys californicus

large with long tail
has a distinct white tip on the furry tail
broad/wide area in front of eyes off of frontal

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chisel-toothed kangaroo rat

order: Rodentia
family: Heteromyidae
sci name: Dipodomys microps

dark line on underside of tail that gets thicker towards tip
very small amount of white on the tip of the tail, less than the ord's kangaroo rat

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Ord's kangaroo rat

order: Rodentia
family: Heteromyidae
sci name: Dipodomys ordii

line on underside of tail gets thinner at tip so that there is more white on the underside of the tip of the tail, more than microps

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Family Dipodidae

large infraorbital foramen
angular process perforated

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western jumping mouse

order: Rodentia
family: Dipodidae
sci name: Zapus princeps

dark brown on top, light brown on sides, and white belly
coronoid process more fin-like and longer
very white belly

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Pacific jumping mouse

order: Rodentia
family: Dipodidae
sci name: Zapus trinotatus

dark brown on top, light brown on sides, white on belly
very white belly
more on the pacific coast
has more connected coronoid process

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Family Muridae

subfamily Murinae

tricuspid
key shaped infraorbital foramen
omnivorous
no post orbital process
long scaly hairless tail

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black rat

order: Rodentia
family: Muridae
sci name: Rattus rattus

tail as long or longer than body
temporal ridges flare out at parietal
bulbous cranium
overall more rounded skull

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Norway rat:

order: Rodentia
family: Muridae
sci name: Rattus norvegicus

brown to black fur
more square cranium, temporal ridges
front part of skull is larger (wider from side profile few) than back of cranium
more square head overall

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house mouse

order: Rodentia
family: Muridae
sci name: Mus musculus

belly is lighter but not as strongly bicolored as zapus
little notch on incisors
first upper molariform is really large, 1/2 length of entire row

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Family Cricetidae characteristics

large incisive foramen
myomorphis-key shaped holes
molariforms: 2 longitudal rows of cusps OR flat with pools of dentine

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dusky footed woodrat

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Neotominae
Neotoma fuscipes

Skull:
prismatic molars (flat with pools of dentine)
gaps around presphenoid

large rounded ears
long tail
stripe on foot extending to toes
tail is not bicolored

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Desert woodrat

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Neotominae
Neotoma lepida

Skull:
prismatic molars
gaps around presphenoid

strongly bicolored tail
no dark stripe on foot (white feet)
hair on tail but not bushy, smaller tail

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bushy tailed woodrat

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Neotominae
Neotoma cinerea

Skull:
Prismatic teeth
NO gap around presphenoid

No dark stripe on foot
strongly bicolored tail
bushy tail

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northern grasshopper mouse

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Neotominae
Onychomys leucogaster

Skull:
Tuberculate teeth (2 rows of cusps)
no deep groove in incisors
coronoid process higher than condyloid process in lower jaw

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western harvest mouse

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Neotominae
Reithrodontomys megalotis

Skull:
Tuberculate teeth
DEEP groove in incisors

tail equal to body length
small
white belly

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deer mouse

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Neotominae
Peromyscus maniculatus

Skull:
tuberculate teeth
no groove in incisors
coronoid process lower than condyloid process

bicolored tail and body
smaller ears than truei

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pinyon mouse

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Neotominae
Peromyscus truei

tuberculate teeth
coronoid process lower or equal to condyloid process

large ears
bicolored tail and body

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common muskrat

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Arvicolinae
Ondatra zibethicus

prismatic teeth
postorbital process formed on squamosal (Square)

hind foot partially webbed
no hair on tail and it is vertically flattened

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red tree vole

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Arvicolinae
Arborimus longicaudes

Prismati teeth
process on squamosal (square)
nasal bones extend past incisors
reentrent angles on lingual side are much deepter than on cheek side

red-orange in color
tail is long, thick, well haired and not strongly bicolored

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white-footed vole

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Arvicolinae
Arborimus albipes

Prismatic teeth
Square squamosal process
Reentrent angles deeper on tongue side than on cheek side

Bicolored tail
sides are tannish and not as strongly differentiated from back
reddish/brown coloring

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heather vole

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Arvicolinae
Phenacomys intermedius

Prismatic teeth
Square squamosal process
reentrent angles deeper on tongue side then on cheek side

short tail
wider
more gray than red

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western red-backed vole

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Arvicolinae
Myodes californicus

prismatic teeth
reentrent angle deeper on tongue side than on cheek side
square squamosal process

red stripe down back, gray brown down sides
most loops on upper molars rounded

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southern red-backed vole

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Arvicolinae
Myodes gapperi

prismatic teeth
reentrent angles deeper on tongue side
square squamosal process

looks same as gapperi
range is lower canada and upper U.S. from east to west

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long-tailed vole

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Arvicolinae
Microtus longicaudus

reentrent angles are same on both sides
prismatic teeth

strongly bicolored
tail is more than 50% length of entire body
uniformly brown

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montane vole

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Arvicolinae
Microtus montanus

prismatic teeth
reentrent angles same on both sides
incisors barely protrude past nasals

strongly bicolored
shorter tail

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water vole

Rodentia
Cricetidae
Arvicolinae
Microtus richardsoni

prismatic teeth
reentrent angles same on both sides
incisors protrude greatly past nasals

largest vole in NA
tail 50% of body length

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North American porcupine

Rodentia
Erethizontidae
Erethizon dorsatum

cheek teeth have wide reentrent folds
enlarged auditory bullae

spines

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Family Canidae characteristics

rostrum long and narrow
large last upper molar transversely elongated
allisphenoid canal

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gray wolf

Carnivora
Canidae
Canis lupus

palate ends at the back of the last molar
large skull
right behind the post orbital process looks a little inflated
canines farther below the holes that are below the incisors

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coyote

Carnivora
Canidae
Canis latrans

more slender rostrum
palate ends farther back than gray wolf
smaller skull
no noticeable temporal ridges

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domestic dog

Carnivora
Canidae
Canis familiaris

canines are above the holes that are below the lower incisors
have more of a sloped forehead than the gray wolf or coyote

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gray fox

Carnivora
Canidae
Urocyon cinereoargenteus

black stripe and black tip on tail
well developed temporal ridges that are U shaped
red feet, more black on back

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red fox

Carnivora
Canidae
Vulpes vulpes

white tipped tail
legs/feet black
more red
V shaped temporal ridges

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swift fox

Carnivora
Canidae
Vulpes velox

smallest of wild dogs
tail black tipped, but no black stripe down tail
white throat and chest
weakly developed temporal ride, V shaped

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Family Ursidae characteristics

bunodont cheek teeth, molars have flat broad crowns
carnassials flattened for crushing, poorly developed
short tails, robust claws, small rounded ears
forehead to tip of nose is compressed

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black bear

Carnivora
Ursidae
Ursus americanus

black, brown, or cinnamon red
do not have a large shoulder hump
smaller skull
last upper molar smaller than brown bear in proportion

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brown bear

Carnivora
Ursidae
Ursus arctos

large hump on shoulders
last molar is much large than first molar
skull is larger
large sagittal and lambdoidal crest

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polar bear

Carnivora
Ursidae
Ursus maritimus

our skull has been cut in half
very large nasal hole

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Family Otariidae characteristics

hind limbs can be turned forward
eared seals, have out ear flap
2 lower incisors
well developed post orbital process
simple cheek teeth
flattened auditory bullae
3rd incisor are canine like

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steller sea lion

Carnivora
Otariidae
Eumetopias jubatus

large
males have a sagittal crest, but females lack one
large gap b/w 4th and 5th cheek teeth

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California sea lion

Carnivora
Otariidae
Zalophus californianus

do not have large space b/w 4th and 5th cheek teeth
pronounced sagittal crest
lighter color
palate has no notch

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northern fur seal

Carnivora
Otariidae
Callorhinus ursinus

sexual dimorphism
6 upper cheek teeth 6/5
notch on palate

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northern elephant seal

Carnivora
Phocidae
Mirounga angustirostris

skull has no postorbital process
inflated auditory bullae
largest of all pinnipeds huge skull
2/1 incisors

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harbor seal

Carnivora
Phocidae
Phoca vitulina

skull has no postorbital process
inflated auditory bullae
3 or more cusps on cheekteeth
3/2 incisors
fur short with spots or rings

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Family Felidae characteristics

30 or fewer teeth
skull short, rounded dorsally
rostrum very short and blunt
large orbitals
divided bullae

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mountain lion

Carnivora
Felidae
Puma concolor

temporal ridges converge into V
large sagittal crest
interorbital breadth slightly larger than post orbital breadth

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Canada lynx

Carnivora
Felidae
Lynx canadensis

post orbital breadth larger than interorbital breadth
crest in not as large
looks like 2 distinct holes, right behind the bullae

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bobcat

Carnivora
Felidae
Lynx rufus

triangular hole behind bullae, cant see 2 holes

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jaguar

Carnivora
Felidae
Panthera onca

largest cat in Americas

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domestic cat

Carnivora
Felidae
Felis catus

thick bone extensions from parietals toward temporal ridges

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Family Procyonidae characteristics

40 teeth
bunodont cheekteeth
well developed paroccipital process

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Raccoon

Carnivora
Procyonidae
Procyon lotor

palate extends far beyond that last molar
larger skull than ringtail

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ringtail

Carnivora
Procyonidae
Bassariscus astutus

palate does not extend farther than upper molar
smaller and smaller skull
teeth more triangular

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striped skunk

Carnivora
Mephitidae
Mephitis mephitis

space right behind bullae is flat and almost deflated
34 teeth
last upper molar wide, flattened square
palate ends directly behind last molar

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western spotted skunk

Carnivora
Mephitidae
Spilogale gracilis

skull flat with wide zygo arches
space behind auditory bullae is inflamed
34 teeth
last upper molar wise, flattened, square
palate ends directly behind last molar

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Family Mustelidae characteristics

last molar dumbelled shaped
palate extends beyond molars
postglenoid process before auditory bullae

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wolverine

Carnivora
Mustelidae
Gulo gulo

spagittal crest extends beyond back of head, looks like hook
mastoid process large and well developed

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American marten

Carnivora
Mustelidae
Martes americana

golden brown with splotched yellow/orange on chest
mastoid process small and barely visible from dorsal prospective

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Fisher

Carnivora
Mustelidae
Martes pennanti

can see spine of root extending up through the bone up upper jaw (upper carnassial)
mastoid larger than marten

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American badger

Carnivora
Mustelidae
Taxidea taxus

back of skull is very flat and the cranium is triangular shaped dorsally
white stripe down head

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northern river otter

Carnivora
Mustelidae
Lontra canadensis

webbed toes
square moalriform
smaller than sea otter
dark brown with whitish chin and chest
condyloid process locked into glenoid process
short skull, flat to ground

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sea otter

Carnivora
Mustelidae
Enhydra lutris

large nasal opening
large
square molariform
large rounded heart shaped cranium

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American mink

Carnivora
Mustelidae
Mustela vison

auditory bullae triangular
dark brown/black uniformly
small
toes partially webbed
small skull

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long-tailed weasel

Carnivora
Mustelidae
Mustela frenata

last part of skull behind zygo arch is smaller than front half
orangish color on belly
larger
black tip of tail
tail longer

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short-tailed weasel

Carnivora
Mustelidae
Mustela erminae

last part behind zygo arch of head is more than half length of skull
proportionally smaller tail
white belly
smaller

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feral horse/feral burro

Perissodactyla
Equidae
Equus caballus/ Equus asinus

upper incisors present
odd toed
hypsodont and lophodont molars
alisphenoid canal
post orbital bar
long rostrus

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wild pigs

Cetartiodactyla
Suidae
Sus scrofa

high sloping crest
upper incisors present
large paroccipital process
canines (tusks) grow out to the sides
no alisphenoid canals

125
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collared peccary

Cetartiodactyla
Tayasssuidae
Pecari tajacu

smaller paroccipital process
canines grow up and down vertically
not as much of a sloping head as Sus scrofa
no alisphenoid canal

126
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North American elk

Cetartiodactyla
Cervidae
Cervus elaphus

long paroccipital process
no upper incisors
canines present
supraorbital foramen
large lacrimal pit
have prelacrymal vacuity
very small triangular tail

127
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Rocky mountain mule deer

Cetartiodactyla
Cervidae
Odocoileus hemionus hemionus

thin all white tail with a black tip
long brown metatarsal gland
deep lacrimal pit
has prelacrymal vacuity
no upper incisors
supraorbital foramen

128
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Columbian black-tailed deer

Cetartiodactyla
Cervidae
Odocoileus hemionus columbianus

no upper incisors
supraorbital foramen
tail is white on bottom, with a very black tip on top
smaller metatarsal gland than Rocky mountain mule deer
deep lacrimal pit
prelacrymal vacuity present

129
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white-tailed deer

Cetartiodactyla
Cervidae
Odocoileus virginianus

no upper incisors
shallow lacrimal pit
prelacrimal vacuity present
small white metatarsal gland
tail is long and flat with white on bottom and brown on top
supraorbital foramen

130
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moose

Cetartiodactyla
Cervidae
Alces alces

no upper incisors
supraorbial foramen
lacrimal pit
prelacrimal vacuity
deep dent in the head
LARGE head

131
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pronghorn

Cetartiodactyla
Antilocapridae
Antilocapra americana

horns (they have small branches off it)
preorbital vacuity
bug eye orbitals

132
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mountain goat

Cetartiodactyla
Bovidae
Oreamnos americanus

horns are smooth towards top
males horns are a bit more curved than females
no upper incisors
canines present

133
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bighorn sheep

Cetartiodactyla
Bovidae
Ovis canadensis

no upper incisors
canines present
males have large thick curving horns
females have shorter and thinner horns (ridged horns)

Flashcard set info:

Author: wheelesh

Main topic: Biology

Topic: Systematics

Published: 01.03.2010

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Mammal ID (133 Cards)