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Alle Oberthemen / Biology / Neurobiology

Neurobiology (34 Karten)

Sag Danke
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Tetra-ethyl ammonium (TEA)
Small organic molecule that blocks potassium channels, but not sodium channels
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Adenylyl cyclase
Gets activated by alpha-subunits of the G-coupled receptors in the gill-fibre of the sea hare. It produces cAMP from ATP which in turn activates proteinkinase A
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Regulation of exocytosis
1) synaptic vesicles are docked to microfilaments via SYNAPSIN
2) when an action potential arrives, voltage-gated calcium channels open
3) calcium detaches the vesicles from microfilaments
4) attechment by SYNAPTOBREVIN (vesticle), SYNTAXIN (presynapse)
5) fusion by SYNAPTOTAGMIN
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Two effects of myelination
1) The leakage along the axonal membrane is reduced
2) The membrane capacitance is decreased

Hence, the electrotonic potentials can spread faster and wider until the next node of ranvier.
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Rhythmic pattern generator
Alternating activity of antagonist muscle groups, based on the interaction of calcium-channels calcium-activated potassium channels.
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Cells responsible for myelination? Means of myelination?
Glial cells:
PNS: Schwann cells each produce one myelin segment
CNS: Oligodendrocytes, send out several cell processes to form a multitude of myelin segments.
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Serotonin
Neurotransmitter between the antannae-axon and the gill-axon (there is an axo-axonic synapse).
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Steps of the reflex arch of the knee jerk
Weak hitting of the patella with a hammer.
Dislocation activates stretch receptor in the muscle.
Signal enters spinal cord via dorsal roots and is directly transferred onto a motoneuron that activates the extensor muscle in the leg.
To rule out activity of the antagonistic flexor muscle, afferent collateral inhibition is needed.
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Astrocytes
Possess a specific protein, the glial fabrillary acidic protein (GFAP). They provide nutrients from the blood strom.
Removal of waste (neurotransmitters, potassium)
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kinases
Enzymes attaching or removing a phosphate residue from their substrate, which induces a conformational change there.
In case of protein substrates: protein kinases.
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Proteinkinase A
Phosporylates potassium channels (in the sea hare), which leads to a current reduction there. Hence the repolarization of action potentials arriving at the gill fiber synapse is delayed.
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Several epsps in fast succession Several simutaneous epsps from various axons.
General term?
temporal summation
spatial summation

Synaptic Integration
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Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune disease - auto-antibodies against myelin specific proteins and the MBP.
Viruses that share structural elements with the MBP cause immune bodies to destroy MBP (leakage of the BBB is fatal!)
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Primary, secondary, tertiary structure?
Primary: The amino acid sequence (there are 20 different amino acids) -> biochemical methods

Secondary: Polypeptide chain, alpha helix (tubule), beta sheet, random coil -> CD-Spectroscopy, often can be predicted

Tertiary (conformation): 3D-shape, changes of the 3D-shape are also called conformational changes, X-ray crystallography
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Conduction velocity increase:
1) passive signal spread
2) active signal propagation
1) increases linearly to fiber diameter, the potential is decaying exponentially
2) increases with the square root of the fiber diameter

In myelinated fibers there is a LINEAR relationship between axon diameter and conduction velocity!!!
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Golgi-complex
In the Golgi-complex proteins are said the be sorted and packaged into transport vesicles.
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Axon
Axons (also called Neurites) have a uniform diameter and can branch in various collaterals. Their tips are highly branched, forming up to 1000 nerve endings per axon. They send out electrical signals.
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Mitochondria
In the mitochondria the energy needed for cell survival is generated by the breakdown of glucose to adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP). For this process to function properly, oxygen is needed.
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Metabolic effects of the second messenger calcium
Postsynaptic effects: activates enzyme calcium-calmodulin kinase II (CaM-kinase II) Phosphorylates itself -> Remains activated. Induces more non-NMDA receptors in post-synaptic membrane (increase in epsp).
Presynaptic: captivates enzyme which produces nitric oxide (gas), which reaches presynaptic nerve terminal (retrograde messenger). Enhances neurotransmitter release.
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Myelin proteins
CNS: low molecular weight basic proteins (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP) with 4 transmembrane segments

PNS: low molecular weight basic proteins (MBP), P0-glycoprotein with 1 transmembrane segment
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Antagonist of nAChR
Antagonist of mAChR
Antagonist of nAChR: curare
Antagonist of mAChR: atropine
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Microfilaments
solid filaments of 5nm diameter, consisting of the protein actin.
In muscle cells, they support muscle contraction.
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Microglia
injury, they are activated, divide, migrate to the site of injury.
Transform into macrophage-like cells, clear damage cells.
-> involved in immune defense
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Microtubules
long unbranched hollow tubes of 20nm diameter, mainly consist of the protein tubulin.
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Dendrites
Dendrites are often highly branched and receive electrical signals. They are often covered with small protrusion called dendritic spines.
They are used to receive electrical signals.
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Types of Glial Cells
Myelination:
- oligodendrocytes: CNS
- Schwann cells: PNS

- Astrocytes
- Microglia

Both: Spinal cord
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Neurofilaments
solid filaments of 10nm diameter formed of three neuro-specific neurofilament proteins.
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Nucleus
In the nucleus the complete genetic material is stored by DNA. It is transferred to the ER by messenger RNA.
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Endoplasmatic Reticulum
Here, protein and lipid biosynthesis are taking place - the ribosomes on the ER surface associate with the mRNA produced in the nucleus.
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Neuromuscular junction (steps)
1) ACh fuses with plasma membrane and is released
2) ACh binds to a receptor protein which is a chemically gated ion channel (nAChR)
Cations (sodium) flow into the muscle cell -> small membrane depolarisation
3) Voltage gated sodium channels open and elicit an action potential
4) ACh is degraded by the enzyme acetylcholine-esterase AChE
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Tetrodotoxin (TTX)
The poison of the buffer fish - blocks the sodium channels. Action potentials can no longer be generated.
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Phophodieserase
Decreases the level of cAMP
33
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Advantages of electrical synapses
Very fast, direct electrical coupling by CONNEXONS (six subunits, each 4 transmembrane segments)
Current flow in both directions.

Means to synchronize electrical signaling in a network
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Monoamine oxidase
MAO inactivates dopamine in the pre-synapse and those controls the level of dopamine available.
Kartensatzinfo:
Autor: szara
Oberthema: Biology
Thema: Neurobiology
Schule / Uni: Universität Osnabrück
Ort: Osnabrück
Veröffentlicht: 03.05.2010
 
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