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Π suing Δ b/c wants Δ to prepare environmental impact statements before issues licenses to have uranium mills; potential license recipients want to intervene.

H - allowed.  "Interest" cannot be too general or abstract. Doesn't have to relate directly to the prob. at hand, but can be affected by the outcome.  Must be "significantly protectable".   Because Kerr-McGee and American Mining Congress have specific, economic interests at stake, and may have to do statements themselves, they can intervene.

Environmental groups wanted to protect living birds in a case regarding feathers in Indian artifacts.

H- movant's interest is general and abstract, not permitted.

Defining "interest" in intervention.

El Paso acquired Pacific, this violated anti-trust.  As court considered divestiture, 3 parties intervened:

1. California, which wanted to restore Pacific as competition for El Paso
2. Southern California Edison, large user of natural gas that had an interest in competition
3. Cascade, who used Pacific as its sole supplier and would have to use its successor after the divestiture.

H - interventions allowed, implied broad interest

Taxpayer's tax returns investigated.  IRS summoned his work records from his employer - he tried to intervene on the resulting enforcement order.

H - not permitted, these records belong to the business and his only interest was to keep them from IRS for tax purposes.

Labor Secretary set aside a union election for violating a statute.  Union member permitted to intervene.

Local utility challenged its natural gas supplier for rate increase.  New Orleans not allowed to intervene on behalf of itself and rate-paying customers.

H - "the only interest asserted . . . is a purely economic interest" and that isn't enough.

PP challenged city ordinance not allowing construction of abortion facilities.  Anti-abortion group sought to intervene.

H - allowed b/c they lived near the proposed site, thus their property values were at stake.  NOT BASED ON IDEOLOGICAL BELIEFS.

Natural Resources
Planned Parenthood
NOPSI
Donaldson
Trbovich
Cascade
Allard