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Back-face culling
Skipping polygons which face away from the viewer (on back sides of objects)

View frustum culling
Skipping objects which are outside the region covered by the camera view frustum

(often used in conjunction with appropriate hierarchical optimization structures)

Portal culling
Only rendering objects which are visible inside a restricted region of the current view frustum, generated by the shape of a portal

1. render current room
2. for all portals of the current room inside the current frustum: narrow down the frustum and repeat step 1 in the room behind the respective portal

Occlusion culling
Skipping objects which are in the viewing frustum but hidden by other objects in front of it