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- invokes Vugotskys ideas of ZPD
  - difference between a child's mental age as measured by problems
    it can solve unaided ans the level of ploblem-solving it can achieve
    when aided by an adult
- ZPD might partly explain differences in achievement in school
  because children might differ in their ZPD
- suggests that learners can benefit from help from their interlocutors
  at the point language development has stopped and is open to new
  development
- learning is more than immitation
- learners are more focused on language when they encounter
  difficulties in production: learning occurs through langauge use
scaffolding - interlocutors speech help learner to communicate and
                           learn at critical points
                           provokes strategies of paraphrase, definition,
                           redefinition