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(Behaviour Control)

Managers who directly manage can teach, reward, lead by example and take corrective action as needed.

Advantages
• Easy to design
• Clear responsibilities
• Flexible

Drawbacks
• Can be very expensive since only a few workers can be personally managed by one manager
• Overload of chain of command
• Supervisor needs high leadership qualifications
• Arbitrariness
• Close supervision demotivates workers who desire less scrutiny and more autonomy, causing them to avoid responsibility.