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All main topics / Medicine / Anatomy

Cranial Nerves (35 Cards)

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1.Where are the receptor organs of Special Somatic Afferents? 2. What changes are they stimulated by? 
3. Examples?
1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound
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1.Where are the receptor organs of Special Visceral Afferents? 2. What changes are they stimulated by? 
3. Examples?
1. receptor organs in specialized viscera of the body

2. stimulated by the changes in internal enviornment

3. examples: in the tongue (CN VII, IX, X): taste
                       caudal nasal mucosa (CN I): olfaction
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1.Where are receptor organs for general proprioception located?
2. What nerves have GP fibers? 
3. What are the receptors sensitive to?
1. receptor organs are muscles, tendons and joints deep to the body surface

2. GP fibers are present in all spinal nerves and CN V

3. receptors are sensitive to changes in lengths and position of the structures they innervate
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1. What are special proprioception receptors specialized to?
2. Where are SP fibers located?
3. What nerve has SP function?
1. receptors are specialized to positions and movements of head

2. SP fibers are located in membranous labyrinth of inner ear

3. Vestibular division of CN VIII
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1. Where do preganglionic sympathetic fibers come from?
2. What do they course with?
3. where do they synapse?
1. cell bodies in thoracic region of spinal cord

2. course to head as part of vagosympathetic trunk

3. synapse in the cranial cervical ganglion
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Where do postganglionic sympathetic fibers leave from and what do they then course with?
Leave from cranial cervical ganglion and then course with arteries to structures of the head
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Which cranial nerves have parasympathetic function?
Where are the postganglionic nerve cell bodies located?
What organs do they innervate?
CN III: ciliary ganglion; ciliary muscles, sphincter pupillae m.

CN VII: pterygopalatine ganglion, mandibular and sublingual ganglia
             lacrimal, nasal, palatine gland; mandibula and sublingual         salivary glands

CN IX: otic ganglion; zygomatic and parotid salivary glands

CN X: myenteric and submucosal ganglia; cardiac m., smooth m., glands of the respiratory and digestive systems
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CN I: Olfactory Nerve
Function, dysfunctioin, test
Function: sensory for the sense of smell from the olfactory mucosa, predominately in the caudal region of the nasal cavity (SVA)

Dysfunction: absence of the sense of smell (anosmia)

Test: can use aromatic compounds to determine if sense is present
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CN II: Optic Nerve
Function?
What hole in the skull does it pass through?
Dysfunction?
Tests?
Function: sensory for the sense of light (vision) from rods and cones in the nervous retina (SSA)

Goes through optic canal

Dysfunction: blindness (anopia)

Tests: menace response, have patient follow an object, direct and consensual light reflexes
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CN III: Oculomotor Nerve
What hole in the skull does it pass through?
Motor function and dysfunction?
Parasympathetic function and dysfunction?
Tests?
Goes through orbital fissure

Motor to extrinsic skeletal muscle of th eye (GSE)
Dysfunction: lateral strabismus due to pull of lateral rectus
ptosis (drooping of the superior palpebra)

Parasympathic motor (GVE) to intrinsic smooth musculature of the eye
Dysfunction: mydriasis (dilation of the pupil); cyclopegia (paralysis of accommodation)

Tests: direct and consensual light reflexes
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CN IV: Trochlear Nerve
Function?
Where does it exit? What skull hole does it pass through?
Dysfunction?
Function: motor to dorsal oblique m. (GSE)

Exits the dorsal surface of the brain stem (only cranial nerve to do so)
Courses through orbital fissure

Dysfunction: eye rotates on anterior/posterior axis so that the ventral part moves medially
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CN V: Trigeminal Nerve
What are the overall sensory, motor, and proprioceptive functions?
Sensory for pain, temperature, touch and pressure from the skin of the face and mucous membranes of the head (GSA)

Motor to skeletal muscles of mastication (from 1st branchial arch: temporalis, masster, medial and lateral pterygoideus, rostral belly of digastricus, GSE)

Proprioception from skeletal muscles that arise from branchial arch mesenchyme (GP)
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What are the main branches of CN V and what are their modalities?
Opthalamic: Sensory (GSA)

Maxillary: Sensory (GSA)

Mandibular: Sensory (GSA and GP); Motor (GSE)
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Where does opthalmic nerve course through?  Function? What are the branches of opthalmic?
Courses through the orbital fissure

Sensory to the palpebrae, eyeball, nasal mucosa, and skin of the nose

Branches: lacrimal, nasociliary, frontal
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Function of lacrimal n?
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from CN VII to the lacrimal gland
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Branches of frontal n. and function?
Supraorbital and supratrochlear nn. – sensory to the lateral two-thirds of the superior palpebra continuing to the dorsal midline
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Branches and functions of Nasociliary n?
Long ciliary nn: sensory to eye (choroid, ciliary body, iris, cornea, bulbar conjunctiva)

Infratrochlear n: sensory to medial commissure of the palpebre

Ethmoidal n: sensory to part of the nasal mucosa and skin of the muzzle
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Opthalmic Nerve: dysfunction and tests
Dysfunction: lack of sensation from areas innervated

Tests: palpebral reflex (frontal n, infratrochlear n., also facial n.)

           corneal reflex (long ciliary nn., also facial n.)
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Maxillary Nerve
What skull holes does it course through?
Sensory to?
Postganglionic parasympathetic to?
through round foramen and rostral alar foramen

Sensory to inferior palpebra, nasal mucosa, upper teeth, upper lip, and nose

Parasympathetic to lacrimal, nasal, and palatine glands
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Maxiallary Nerve: Dysfunction and Tests?
Dysfunction: lack of sensation from innervated areas

Test: traction on one of the tactile sinus hairs results in reflex facial twitching
        foreign object directed into nasal vestibule results in reflex sneezing
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Pterygopalatine br. of Maxillary: branches and functions of?
Minor palatine: sensory to soft palate

Major palatine: sensory to mucosa of hard palate (courses through caudal palatine and major palatine foramen)

Caudal nasal n.: sensory to nasal mucosa surrounding the ventral nasal meatus (courses through sphenopalatine foramen)
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Infraorbital n. of Maxiallary: branches and functions?
Caudal superior alveolar brs: sensory to the caudal maxillary cheek teeth

Middle superior alveolar brs: sensory to the maxillary cheek teeth

Rostral superior alveolar brs: sensory to the upper canine and incisor teeth

infraorbital brs: sensory to skin of upper lip and nose
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Mandibular Nerve: what hole in the skull does it course through?  Sensory to?  Motor to?
Courses through the oval foramen

Sensory to buccal cavity, rostral 2/3 of the tongue, inferior teeth, lower lip, chin and intermandibular area, lateral side of the face, rostral aspect of the ear

Motor to muslces of mastication, mylohyoideus, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini mm.
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Mandibular Nerve: sensory branches and functions?
Buccal n.: sensory to the buccal mucosa and skin of the cheek

Lingual n: sensory to rostral 2/3 of tongue
                (chorda tympani of facial n. joins lingual n. and carries sensory fibers for taste to same region of tongue)

Inferior alveolar n --> caudal, middle and rostral alveolar nn. sensory to inferior teeth.  mental nn to lower lip and rostral mandibular area

Auriculotemporal n: rostral auricular brs: sensory to skin of external ear and lateral face
           -transverse facial br. sensory to lateral side of the face and     tactile hairs of the cheek
            -brs. to tympanic membrane and adjacent external ear canal
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Mandibular Nerve: motor branches to?
-muscles of mastication-pterygoid, temporalis, masseter
-tensor tympani m.
-tensor veli palatini m.

-Mylohyoid n: motor to rostral belly of digastricus
                       sensory to lower lip, cheek, intermandibular area
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Mandibular Nerve: dysfunction and tests?
Dysfunction: atrophy of masticatory muscle and lack of sensation from innervated areas

Test: open the mouth the test for muscular tone
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CN VI: Abducens
Where does it course through?
Function?
Dysfunction?
Courses through the orbital fissure

Function: motor to lateral rectus and retractor bulbi mm. (GSE)

Dysfunction: medial strabismus due to pull of the medial rectus m.
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What are the main branches of CN V and what are their modalities?
Opthalamic: Sensory (GSA)

Maxillary: Sensory (GSA)

Mandibular: Sensory (GSA and GP); Motor (GSE)
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CN III: Oculomotor Nerve
What hole in the skull does it pass through?
Motor function and dysfunction?
Parasympathetic function and dysfunction?
Tests?
Goes through orbital fissure

Motor to extrinsic skeletal muscle of th eye (GSE)
Dysfunction: lateral strabismus due to pull of lateral rectus
ptosis (drooping of the superior palpebra)

Parasympathic motor (GVE) to intrinsic smooth musculature of the eye
Dysfunction: mydriasis (dilation of the pupil); cyclopegia (paralysis of accommodation)

Tests: direct and consensual light reflexes
30
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1.Where are the receptor organs of Special Somatic Afferents? 2. What changes are they stimulated by? 
3. Examples?
1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound
31
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1.Where are the receptor organs of Special Somatic Afferents? 2. What changes are they stimulated by? 
3. Examples?
1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound
32
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1.Where are the receptor organs of Special Somatic Afferents? 2. What changes are they stimulated by? 
3. Examples?
1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound
33
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1.Where are the receptor organs of Special Somatic Afferents? 2. What changes are they stimulated by? 
3. Examples?
1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound
34
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1.Where are the receptor organs of Special Somatic Afferents? 2. What changes are they stimulated by? 
3. Examples?
1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound
35
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1.Where are the receptor organs of Special Somatic Afferents? 2. What changes are they stimulated by? 
3. Examples?
1. receptor organs are deep to the body surface

2. stimulated by changes in the external enviornment

3. examples: light to they eye (CN II): vision
                      air waves to inner ear (CN VIII): sound
Flashcard set info:
Author: stick91
Main topic: Medicine
Topic: Anatomy
Published: 14.02.2010
Tags: Cranial Nerves, Gross Anatomy
 
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