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All main topics / Social Studies / Social Work

Social Work 311 Test 2 (52 Cards)

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Sociopetal Designs
Encourages social interaction.

Rounded Shapes and bright colors
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Sociofugal Designs
Discourages social interaction

Jails, cubicles, prison cells.
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Stimulation Theory
Focus on physical environment

Stimulation varies in intensity, frequency, duration, ect...

Stimuli have direct and indirect effects - too much or not enough stimuli may have negative affects on human behavior.
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Control Theory
How much control we have over our physical environment and how we attempt to control it.

Personal space, crowding, privacy are all boundary regulating mechanisms
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Personal Space
Control Theory -

physical space we maintain while interacting with others
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Territoriality
Control Theory-

Feelings of ownership over a space
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Primary Territories
Places that evoke feelings of ownership on a regular basis.
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Secondary Territories
Evoke some feelings of possessiveness but are less important than primary territories.
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Two mechanisms for securing privacy
Control Theory-

Personal Space and Territoriality.
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Public Territories
Control Theory

Few feelings of ownership and it is a community space.
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Crowding
Control Theory


Unpleasant feelings we have in close physical space with others.

may adversely affect child development.
may influence behaviors in social interactions
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Privacy
Control Theory

Control over information about oneself and in interactions with others.
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Behavioral Setting Theory
Consistent and uniform patterns of behavior develop within certain environments.

Behavior is ALWAYS tied to place.

Physical Environment provides cues to behaviors

Patterns of behavior are programmed ex. decorum in churchs or bars.
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Define: Community
People that are bound together by either geography or webs of communication, sharing common ties and interacting with one another.
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Sense of community
Perceptions of similarity with others, an acknowledged interdependence with others, a willingness to maintain interdependence by giving to or doing for others what one expects from them.  The feeling that one is part of a larger, more stable structure. Also, mutual exchanges to fulfill needs.
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Relational Communities
Voluntary interaction that is not bound by location.

Ex. shared values, issues, groups.
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Territorial Communities
Interaction bound by geography or territory.

Ex. Cities, states, neighborhoods
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Community Lost
3 Types of Communities - Type 1

Communities that have lost a sense of connectedness, social support, and traditional customs.
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Community Saved
3 Types of Communities - Type 2

Retain a strong sense of connectedness, social support, and customs for behavior.
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Communities Liberated
3 Types of Communities - Type 3

loose communities with unclear boundaries and a great deal of heterogeneity.
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The 4 elements of communities
Range

Contact

Intimacy

Immediate kinship/friendship
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Geminschaft Communities
Relationships are personal and traditional.

Strong identification with community
Authority based on tradition
Relationships based on emotionalism
Others seen as whole persons

As in a rural community, people are strongly connect, the influences of prominent families.
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Gesellschaft Communities
Relationships are impersonal and contractual.

Little identification with communities.
Authority based on laws
Relationships based on goal attainment and emotional neutrality
Others seen as role enactors

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Post-gesellschaft Communities
Modern Community

Diverse and unpredictable
Based on the unique connections that electronics and technology create.

Ex. Online communities


Pg. 452
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Horizontal linkage
Interactions with other members of the community that gives a strong sense of identity to its members.

Ex. UNR student identifies with the UNR community sports team
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Vertical linkage
Interactions with individuals and systems outside of communities. Provides necessary resources for community members.

Healthy communities need both types of interactions to remain healthy.


Systems Theory
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Define: Social Capital
Community Cohesion

The collective value of all social networks and the inclinations that arise from these networks to do things for each other.

Social Capital works through:

Information Flow
Norms of reciprocity
Collective Action
Broader Identities and solidarity
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7 Current Societal Trends
Increasing numbers of single parent households

Increase in divorce and remarriage - complex family relationships

Increased care needs for elderly - longer lifespans

Increasing rates of poverty among children - single parenthood

Decrease in wages among working class

Lack of affordable childcare

Fewer positions provide health benefits for families. - 23% of children without health insurance
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Psychodynamic Central premises
Focus is on how internal processes motivate human behavior

Emotions are central to human behavior

Conscious and unconscious mental activities serve as motivational forces.

Childhood experiences are central in the patterning of an individuals emotions,  therefore the central problems in their life.

People may become overwhelmed by internal or external demands

People use ego defense mechanisms to avoid becoming overwhelmed.
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Social Behavioral Theory
Human Behavior is learned as individuals interact with their environments and who they interact with

Similar learning processes taking place in different locations produce differences in human behavior.

All human problems can be defined and changed.

Behavior is learned by association of environment stimuli by reinforcement, imitation, personal expectations, and meanings.

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Family Systems Theory 1 of 2
Focuses on the relationships within the family.

Family members affect and are affects by all other family members. When change occurs for one, all are affected. Family members develop boundaries, the delineate who is in the family at any given time.

organizational structures and roles for accomplishing tasks are developed as well as shared beliefs, rules, verbal and non verbal communication patterns.

Each person has their own unique perspective on what goes on in the family.

All members are mutually influencing.

Relationships are woven into patterns and processes.
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Family Systems Theory 2 of 2
The system encompasses subsystems such as father, mother, kids.

The system interacts with suprasystems.
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Family Roles
Bread winners, leadership and decision making, household management, care of dependence, and child rearing

Roles:
Mediator
Lost Child
Comedian
Authoritarian
Hero
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Family Life Cycle 6 steps
Looks at families over time

1 Independence - Single Young Adult
2 Coupling - Becoming interdependent with someone outside your family of origin
3 Parenting - Young Children - requires a large amount of time and energy, establishes family culture and socialization.
4 Parenting - Adolescents - Survival
5 Launching of adult children
6 Family later in life
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Family Life Cycle
Involves normative changes and challenging tasks for the individual and the family as a whole. Transitions offer opportunities for positive adaptation and growth.

Multigenerational genograms and time lines can be useful
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What is a genogram?
A visual representation of a multigenerational family system to find and follow trends.

Symbology -
Squares = Males
Circles = Female
Lines = Relationships
2 Slashes over a line = Divorce
X = Death
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What is an Ecomap?
Visual Representation that identifies external sources of stress, conflict, and support.

Uses Circles, lines, and arrows to show family relationships and the strength and directional flow of energy and resources to and from the family.
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Timelines in Family Systems are used for?
Identifies when events of stress pile up.
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39
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Distinguish the 3 systems in Bowen's theory
Emotional, Feeling, and Intellectual - These guide behaviors

Emotional - Initial Reaction
Feeling - No idea :(
Intellectual - Logical thought process of pros and cons.

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2 Aspects of of differentiation of self (textbook)
Differentiation between thinking and feeling -
Family members must learn to recognize their feelings but also learn how to plan their lives rather than act entirely on emotion. It can be assumed that many family problems are caused by family members emotional reactivity.

Differentiation of self and others in the family -
Individuals should follow their own beliefs rather than make decisions based on the reactivity of others. This should be done without being defensive or attacking others.
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Explain the role of the intellectual system in Bowen's theory
Using intellect to think about or analyze a situation, using your own thought process that is uniquely yours allows a person to make their own choices regardless of what their family members want them to do.

This is only possible if the intellect is developed enough to know oneself and to be able to distinguish your own thoughts from the thoughts of the family. This is important to be able to do this and not react to situations based on emotional feelings.
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Distinguish between togetherness and individuality needs
Two competing life forces: Togetherness and individuality.

The need for other people heightens emotional reactivity to others and decreases the ability to think and respond independently.



Togetherness <>Individuality
High Anxiety<--->Low anxiety

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Explain the cause of anxiety according to Bowen
Anxiety results from excessive togetherness needs.

If you are not secure enough in yourself you then depend too heavily on the approval of others, this can lead to excessive togetherness needs.

People move between togetherness needs and individual needs. As a person moves towards togetherness needs, anxiety increases. As a person moves towards individual needs, anxiety decreases.
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Define Differentiation as it is used in Bowen's Theory
The ability to function separately within a relationship.

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Role Strain
Expectations associated with a role do not coincide with the person's ability to carryout role related duties and responsibilities.
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46
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Main departures to Bowens theory suggested by Knudson-Martin
It is based on qualities for which men are socialized

Bowen's Family Systems Theory
- Two competing life forces, togetherness and individuality
-Anxiety results from excessive togetherness
-Differentiation of self from others and family


Knudson-Martin
Individuality and togetherness are not necessarily competitive. They are reciprocal
-Feeling and intellectual systems are parallel.
-Female differentiation involves a balance between attending her own needs and the needs of others.
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Positivism
A way of viewing the world, objective truth and reality. A unique reality based on how you personally view things.
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48
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What shared premises or beliefs are common to all postmodern theories?
These theories question our everyday assumptions about the nature of reality and propose that our selves, identities, communities, and social realities are constructions of the mind rather than objective entities separate from us
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How is truth viewed by post modern theorists?
Truth-

is an effect of the pulse of discourse or the power relations that create and construct a particular form of life or the many ways people are constrained to act within an arbitrary system.
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How is reality viewed by post modern theorists?
People are products of the society they create. Habitualization of a process leads to institutions as actions become typified.

Subjective reality is created through our internalization, reifying the external world and legitimizing it by cognitively ascribing validity to it... thus, growing to perceive it and separate from us.
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How is Self viewed by post modern theorists?
is an ongoing, conscious process that evolves and changes across time and environment and internalization.
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52
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According to Sophie Freud, how are our understandings of people shaped by social constructionalism?
Normal is defined as standard or ordinary creating an ideology of what is acceptable. when we define normality, which subsequently leads to a definition of what is considered “abnormal” through socialization. What we consider normal is “transformed into a desirable standard and upheld and maintained.  Those of which do not meet these understandings of normality are considered deficient and abnormal.  Continuous progression and change, Norms are shaped by social reality and social reality is shaped by norms: its a dynamic and reciprocal process.
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Flashcard set info:
Author: nickcrowl
Main topic: Social Studies
Topic: Social Work
School / Univ.: University of Nevada, Reno
City: Reno
Published: 06.05.2010
Tags: UNR, Social work, social work 311, Nick Crowl, Mary Hylton
 
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